Week 2 discussion replies Set number 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 conversation answers Set number 2 - Essay Example This would cause them to win a not too bad punishment after they kicked the bucket. For sure the faith in everlasting status caused the majority of the Egyptians antiques. After death, assortments of the dead must be saved appropriately to set them up for the following life. For example, canopic containers would secure the head portions of the dead. Other inward pieces of the body would be evacuates and be protected, too. The remainder of the body would be wrapped with reed final resting places, to dry rapidly and afterward covered in wooden burial chambers. Moreover, faith in eternal life made Egyptians make a book of death with a progression of tunes, pictures, messages made in papyrus, to go with the dead. This book speaks to a portion of the Egyptians relics that made the outing to the next world simpler. Other than Egyptians hopefulness in light of civilisation they gained through crafted by their inventive hands, they trained a few creatures as right on time as 8000 BC. This occurred in the act of strict exercises as creatures were utilized to describe certain occasions. For example, nearness of a particular creature or absence of it would have explicit translations. The various translations would cover the contrast among life and passing, riches or neediness, and harmony or war to the whole country. This imagery of creatures made the old Egyptians incorporate them to keep up different strict subjects. This is the way a few creatures like dairy animals began living in a similar compound with men adding to their produce. A few ancient rarities like stone roofed underground loads housed trained creatures like cows butchered to mollify Egyptian divine beings. Egyptians had numerous motivations to grin about, which made them confident. The historical backdrop of Egypt happened in a progression of stable realms. After the Roman Empire, Egyptians received the Nile River valley venture that rushed their civilisation. Cultivating produce from the fruitful terrains gave them cash to spend in the nation, and some to accommodate different tasks.

Farewell My Concubine: Self-Identification in Context

Coordinated by Chen Kaige, an exceptionally acclaimed fifth-age Chinese movie executive, Farewell My Concubine has gotten numerous global film grants and assignments; among them are the Best Foreign Film and the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1993. In the film, Cheng Dieyi, a Peking Opera on-screen character playing the main female characters, gets fixated on his job as the courtesan of the King of Chu and hazy spots his stage job with the genuine he leads. The conditions where one experiences childhood in are basic factors in molding their feeling of self-identity.This paper endeavors to investigate the sex personality inconveniences that Cheng Dieyi has experienced in his self-distinguishing proof and sexuality with regards to the earth of his childhood. The story starts when Cheng’s mother takes her child to Master Guan and implores him to take Dieyi (whose epithet was Douzi at that point) into his show troupe. So as to be an entertainer in the Peking dram a, one must not have any highlights that are unusual or that may terrify the crowd. Lamentably, Douzi bombs this test since he was brought into the world with a 6th finger on one of his hands.His mother was frantic to auction him and in this way removes her son’s finger with a knife. Now, Master Guan consents to acknowledge Douzi as a follower in his show troupe. Ace Guan sees that Douzi’s â€Å"features were shockingly sensitive; he was nearly pretty† , which are ideal for assuming female jobs. Therefore, Douzi is picked as a dan , or the female lead of the show troupe. He will assume the female jobs close by his closest companion, Xiaolou who was picked to be his sheng, or male lead. Beginning from even the soonest scenes of the film, Dieyi’s self-personality has been gradually torn away from him.Dieyi’s unexpected progress from living in a house of ill-repute as a prostitute’s child to turning into an all around trained show vocalist in t he troupe is set apart by his mother’s merciless removal of his 6th finger. This representative mutilation infers that one must forsake his acquired past so as to look for another social personality. â€Å"The base of organic determinism has been cut off and the subject liberated to seek after a spot in a representative universe of sex fluidity† Dieyi’s finger isn't the main thing that has been undermined, yet his self-character has been emasculated too. The film alludes to this in the first place by including the character of Master Ni, an unuch who was genuinely emasculated, losing his male conceptive organs. While Master Ni was genuinely maimed of his male conceptive organs, Dieyi turns out to be intellectually and sincerely mutilated through his unforgiving childhood in the drama troupe. While the emblematic emasculation connotes the chance of Dieyi’s change from an organic male to a cliché female, the brutal beating he gets during his preparation in the drama troupe implements that progress. Flogging is regularly utilized in schools to fortify the connection among ace and student.It imparts in understudies a feeling of the intensity of the social chain of importance and their place inside it. Dieyi’s assigned â€Å"place† on that chain of importance, tragically, necessitates that he figures out how to desert his male character. While whipping revamps Dieyi intellectually, outfit and make up changes Dieyi genuinely. As he acts in the long dresses and extravagant hats, he sees himself equipped for reflecting indications of magnificence and womanliness. He is compelled to sing â€Å"I am essentially a young lady, not a boy† , and his full progress to womanliness went into full movement the second he aced this line and acknowledged it as reality, that he is naturally a young lady, not a boy.Like the greater part of the male dans in the Peking Opera theater, Cheng Dieyi must have the option to make the hallucin ation of a genuine female that interests to the male crowd, yet Cheng’s gentility is evident in front of an audience, however off stage too. Unmistakably, Cheng has completely adjusted his female jobs into his life off stage. He talks in a low delicate voice, his developments are elegant, keeps up the fragile hand posture of the Lan huazhi (the fake female hand posture of the male dan), and wears an enchanting look that would frequently be viewed as a ladylike gaze.Most male dans only emulate these female follows up on stage, yet Cheng Dieyi steadily changes these â€Å"acts† into an oblivious propensity for his. â€Å"The reiteration of the adapted female acts implanted in female pantomime and the unbending and rough guideline of these demonstrations inevitably achieve Cheng Dieyi’s oblivious distinguishing proof with Yuji, courtesan of the Chu King, building in him a ladylike sexuality and character. † Opera entertainers at the time were relied upon to assume their stage jobs for ife. Dieyi’s most eminent execution is an epic show named Farewell My Concubine; it recounts to the account of the King of Chu (Xiang Yu) and his devoted courtesan Yuji. Xiang Yu realizes that he has lost to his foe and beverages with Yuji on the most recent night. Yuji plays out a blade move for him and afterward cuts her own throat with his blade to communicate her dependability to him. As Dieyi keeps on assuming the job of Yuji into this expert profession, he starts to obscure the life of Yuji’s character and his own.This turns out to be extremely clear when Dieyi starts to give indications of love towards his stage accomplice, Xiaolou, who plays the King of Chu. In numerous occasions all through the film, Dieyi can be seen taking a gander at Xiaolou with a delicate, practically sentimental look and is particularly delicate when he helps Xiaolou apply cosmetics and dress in ensemble. His sentimental affections for his â€Å"stage brother † are translucent to the crowd as he is overwhelmed by desire at the news that Xiaolou was getting hitched to Juxian. He accepts that Juxian is denying him of what was legitimately his.As in the drama when Yu Ji and Xiang Yu swear their adoration to one another, what Dieyi sees is really he and his stage sibling announcing their steadfastness to each other. While Cheng Dieyi entirely exemplifies the female jobs he mimics, the Peking show stage is basically the world wherein he puts together his character with respect to. As he enters his expert vocation and becomes well known, he imagines that he will consistently have the option to take cover behind his female charms, and that workmanship will consistently rise above any situation.For some time, he is legitimized. On one event, he sings for a Japanese authority to help Xiaolou out of prison; in another, he sings for a Chinese authority to rescue himself of prison. Duan Xiaolou reminds Dieyi over and over that life isn't the s tage and he should figure out how to conform to the estimations of the evolving times. The film covers a story that ranges across 50 years of Chinese history: the ascent and fall of the Nationalist Party, the Sino-Japanese War, the ascent of the Communist Party, and the Cultural Revolution.As the country experiences a tempestuous recorded period, Cheng essentially sees it as a setting that could never influence his exhibitions. He was never worried about any of the political changes that happened or the adjustment in systems. He felt that as long as his craft is being valued, it doesn't make a difference who the political pioneers are. At the point when he was put being investigated for being a backstabber when the Communist Party was in power, he shouts, â€Å"If the Japanese were still here, Peking Opera would have spread into Japan already,† with no respect to the consequences.The specialty of Peking show has consistently been Cheng’s method of getting away from the real world, and it is this hallucination that he relates to. In any case, when the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, the personality he has found for himself has been burglarized from him by and by. The Cultural Revolution is one that advocates outrageous reality, and subsequently conventional workmanship turns into an objective of misuse for diverting individuals from the real world. When Dieyi and Xiaolou are taken out onto the avenues to be criticized, his past dream that he and Xiaolou could never sell out each other, similarly as Yu Ji and Xiang Yu could never do as such, is shattered.Under the embarrassment and physical maltreatment of the Red Guards, Xiaolou calls Dieyi a double crosser to the Chinese and a gay. Cheng and Duan then turn on one another and uncover implicating insights concerning each other’s past to the Red Guards. This political development is as it were, a severe shock for Cheng. Just because, it drives him to forsake the personality that he manufac tured for himself on the show stage, and acknowledge that he faces a daily reality such that dedication isn't generally indestructible. It is a direct result of this upheaval that causes Dieyi’s obscured lines among show and reality to gradually reappear.These lines, be that as it may, didn't have an enduring impact. When Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou rejoin on the stage numerous years after the Cultural Revolution, they make their last Farewell My Concubine execution. At the last scene, Dieyi, playing Yuji, takes the blade and cuts his throat. Dieyi needed so frantically to be Yuji his whole life, and he at last satisfied that desire, or so he thinks, by intensely ending it all similarly as Yuji has done as such: for his adoration, and in a sensational way, similar to a phase show ought to be.Cheng Dieyi had grown up with brutality and misuse, in a general public with steady political strife and fierce changes. As a kid who was at that point a loner in any case, the agitating changes that rotated around him turned out to be excessively overpowering. He had no real option except to withdraw into a world that he knows best: the show stage. Despite the fact that the show stage is nevertheless an anecdotal world, it is the main spot wherein he is consistently the hero(ine).Works Cited Cui, Shuqin. â€Å"Engendering Identity: Female Impersonation in Farewell My Concubine . From Poetic Realm to Fictional World: Chinese Theory of Fictional Ontology (1999) Farewell My Concubine. Dir. Chen Kaige. 1993. DVD. Miramax Films, 1999. Goldstein, Joshua (1999). â€Å"Mei L

Ethics Essay Essays - Social Philosophy, Normative Ethics, Ethics

Morals Essay Essays - Social Philosophy, Normative Ethics, Ethics Morals Essay Morals and Social Responsibility/ETH316 What is morals? (Boylan, 2009) expressed, morals is the science concerning the good and bad of human activity. Morals originates from the Greek word ethos, which means the manner in which things ought to be. Morals alludes more to open life or the working environment. This paper will talk about the similitudes and contrasts between uprightness hypothesis, utilitarianism, and deontological morals; it will likewise cover how every hypothesis tends to morals and ethical quality; just as my own encounters between ideals, qualities, and good ideas as they identify with one of the speculations. Ideals hypothesis (which is otherwise called temperance morals) are character characteristics that make up an ethical life, it depends on great being an aftereffect of quest for greatness (Boylan, 2009). Ideals morals can be utilized to decide the rightness or misleading quality of an activity by relating the decision to character attributes. Utilitarianism is the view that what we should do ethically is delivering the best conceivable utility for the best conceivable number of individuals (Boylan, 2009). Utilitarians fight that more noteworthy's benefit of individuals is a higher priority than the person. One must be benevolent and follow the way that prompts more noteworthy's benefit of the gathering by disregarding one's own needs and wants. Deontological morals portrays ones good obligation depends on standards of reason and activity (Boylan, 2009). One must act by the rules without thought to the outcomes gave to them or any other individual so as to look after profound quality. An activity is correct paying little mind to the results of the activity. With this hypothesis it is either right or wrong no in the middle. The connection between excellencies, qualities and good ideas as identified with utilitarianism morals are examined in this model. While living in a townhouse you have certain guidelines everybody must follow and when an issue comes up everybody need to meet about it. Well one day they was an issue with some work that the apartment suite affiliation needed everybody to help pay for. The issue was that few individuals of the gathering didnt need to do it and felt that it was unjustifiable to make everybody pay for something that littler gathering wasnt profiting by. But since most of the gathering approved of it, the apartment suite affiliation charged everybody. I state this is the utilitarianism hypothesis in light of the fact that despite the fact that a little piece of them didnt need to help the biggest of the gathering did and the affiliation felt that it was better generally to have the work done. These speculations of ideals morals, utilitarianism and deontology morals all share a few things practically speaking, they all have their own particular manner of delineating what esteems are prudent and how are they good and bad. Every one of the three drive for keeping up the best gauges of virtue with respect to their own virtues. They are diverse for each condition and they may not generally concur. References Boylan, M. (2009). Fundamental morals: Basic morals in real life (second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Morals Essay PAGE 4 Running head: Ethics Essay PAGE 1

Ethical Dilemma Surrounding Nazi Human Experimentation - Free Essay Example

To Use or Not to Use: the Ethical Dilemma Surrounding Nazi Human Experimentation To Use or Not to Use Hippocrates of Kos, often referred to as the â€Å"Father of Medicine,† once said: â€Å"[as] to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least to do no harm†.[footnoteRef:0] Here Hippocrates admonished his fellow physicians, aware of medicine’s limited capacity to cure and, thus, the temptation to turn to dangerous measures; he observed that to â€Å"experiment [is] treacherous†.[footnoteRef:1] This statement reached proportions beyond what Hippocrates contemplated in 1933, the year that marked the beginning of the Holocaust, a genocide in which Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany systematically murdered six million Jews, and took the lives of approximately twelve million people in total, within a span of twelve years.[footnoteRef:2]. By 1945, the Nazi regime had established 20,000 concentration camps, where those considered racially inferior were held prisoner. Not only were these prisoners discriminated against, torn from their homes, killed or worked to death, they were also used as test subjects. Nazi Germany was heir to an extremely radical approach to medicine, and saw an immense increase in forced, and often lethal, medical experiments and other types of exploitative and involuntary research. The Nazi physicians performed as many as thirty different types of experiments on more than twenty thousand prisoners, killing several thousand in the process.[footnoteRef:3] These experiments were separated into three categories: â€Å"experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel†¦experiments aimed at developing treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field†¦ [and] experiments that sought to advance the racia l and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview†.[footnoteRef:4] These experiments have been universally recognized as barbaric, but the research has prompted an uncomfortable moral challenge within the scientific and medical communities: whether it is ever ethical to utilize data as abominable as that which was obtained during the Nazi medical experiments or not. [0: ] [1: ] [2: ] [3: ] [4: ] On July 14, 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases was enacted in Germany; the basic provisions of the law state that: Any person suffering from a hereditary disease may be rendered incapable of procreation by means of a surgical operation (sterilization), if the experience of medical science shows that it is highly probable that his descendants would suffer from some serious physical or mental hereditary defect. For the purposes of this law, any person will be considered as hereditarily diseased who is suffering from any one of the following diseases: congenital mental deficiency, schizophrenia, manic-depressive insanity, hereditary epilepsy, hereditary chorea, hereditary blindness, hereditary deafness, any severe hereditary deformity. Any person suffering from severe alcoholism may be also rendered incapable of procreation.[footnoteRef:5] [5:] This law led to the sterilization of over 400,000 Germans and evoked a great interest in Nazi physicians with sterilization.[footnoteRef:6] If successful, sterilization could rid the world of those not belonging to the Aryan race and create a â€Å"pure† society, to the standards of Nazi Germany. This law was used by Nazi physicians to encourage the growth of the Aryan race via new and improved methods of sterilization. Among the physicians particularly motivated by this new law were two rival doctors, Professor Carl Clauberg and Dr. Horst Schumann, who both took up shop in Block 10, a cellblock at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp where women and men were used as experimental subjects for German doctors.[footnoteRef:7] With permission from an eager Heinrich Himmler, the two men began trials in 1942, and thus started a â€Å"macabre race between them to find the most effective method.†[footnoteRef:8] [6: ] [7: ] [8: ] Block 10, commonly referred to as â€Å"Clauberg’s block,† was â€Å"created for him and his experimental efforts to perfect a cheap and effective method of mass sterilization.†[footnoteRef:9] Clauberg, a German gynecologist, spent the early stages of his career studying treatments to help infertile women conceive.[footnoteRef:10] However, after approaching Himmler and gaining his approval, he experimented with closing off the fallopian tubes by injecting a chemical substance into the cervix to cause sterility.[footnoteRef:11] He chose â€Å"married women between the ages of twenty and forty, preferably those who had previously borne children,† as his test subjects.[footnoteRef:12] He had experimented with a large variation substances, but kept the contents of such substances a secret, probably â€Å"intent upon protecting any medical discovery from research competitors.†[footnoteRef:13] The procedure caused acute pain and many women died from the s urgery, while others were simply murdered so that Clauberg could study their organs.[footnoteRef:14] [9: ] [10: ] [11: ] [12: ] [13: ] [14: ] The experiment was done to me in Auschwitz, Block 10. The experiment was done on my uterus. I was given shots in my uterus and as a result of that I was fainting from severe pain for a year and a half. [Years later,] Professor Hirsh from the hospital in Tzrifin examined me and said that my uterus became as a uterus of a 4-year-old child and that my ovaries shrank. (Ms. A, Age 83)[footnoteRef:15] [15: ] Schumann differed from Clauberg in that his qualifications for experimentation were â€Å"more political than medical,† as his medical experience consisted of selecting prisoners to be sent to euthanasia centers.[footnoteRef:16] With no training as a radiologist, he used extremely high doses of radiation in a careless, hit-and-miss manner, followed by operations. From this, his victims obtained deep burns to the sexual organs, severe burns, and many deaths.[footnoteRef:17] In the end, they butchered hundreds of Auschwitz prisoners in a large series of experiments. The experiments â€Å"were encouraged officially as a direct expression of racial theory and policy.†[footnoteRef:18] [16: ] [17: ] [18: ] The sense that â€Å"Germany was losing the medical war meant pressure for systematic experiments,† so some Nazi doctors justified their actions by declaring their experiments were explicitly conducted for the war effort.[footnoteRef:19] These experiments were primarily conducted at Dachau concentration camp under the control of Dr. Sigmund Rascher, an â€Å"ambitious experimentalist keen to become an academic high-flier† who conducted deadly experiments on humans for the wartime effort.[footnoteRef:20] Rascher decided, for the benefit of the German Air Force, to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes. He designed experiments to duplicate the conditions that a German pilot might encounter in combat. Using a mobile aviation pressure chamber provided to Rascher by Luftwaffe, victims were subject to rapidly fluctuating altitudes, reaching up to 68,900 feet, and then free falling completely.[footnoteRef:21] The reports on these e xperiment demonstrate complete disregard for human life and callousness to suffering and pain. Records reveal at one and the same time the medical results of the experiments and the degradation of the physicians who performed them. The first report by Rascher to Himmler was made in April 1942 and contains a description of the effects of the low-pressure chamber on a 37-year-old Jew: [19: ] [20: ] [21: ] The third experiment of this type took such an extraordinary course that I called an SS physician of the camp as witness, since I had worked on these experiments all by myself. It was a continuous experiment without oxygen at a height of 12 kilometers conducted on a 37-year-old Jew in good general condition. Breathing continued up to 30 minutes. After 4 minutes the experimental subject began to perspire, and wiggle his head; after 5 minutes cramps occured; between 6 and 10 minutes breathing increased in speed and the experimental subject became unconscious; from 11 to 30 minutes breathing slowed down to three breaths per minute, finally stopping altogether†¦ About  ½ hour after breathing had stopped, dissection was started.[footnoteRef:22] [22: ] He explained how the heart was still beating for a majority of the dissection, stating that: One hour after breathing had stopped, the spinal marrow was completely severed and the brain removed. Thereupon, the action of the auricle of the heart stopped for 40 seconds. It then renewed its action, coming to a complete standstill 8 minutes later.[footnoteRef:23] [23: ] Despite this failure, Rascher was upbeat, telling Himmler that he foresaw â€Å"entirely new perspectives for aviation.†[footnoteRef:24] It is estimated that 540 prisoners were subject to these experiments, and that between 30 and 80 died as a result.[footnoteRef:25] [24: ] [25: ] Immediately following the conclusion of his high-altitude experiments, Rascher conducted a second set of experiments that proved to be even more deadly. He sought out to discover means to prevent hypothermia and the most effective method of rewarming German pilots who had to parachute into the North Sea.[footnoteRef:26] His research was conducted in two parts: first, to establish the amount of time it would take to lower the body temperature to death, and second, how to best resuscitate the frozen victim. The experiments involved being forced to sit in water tanks of three to seven degrees celcius from 80 minutes to three hours.[footnoteRef:27] At the first of the Nuremberg Trials, Leo Michalowski, a Polish priest, recounted his horrific experience at Dachau: [26: ] [27: ] I was undressed and two medical apparati, whose nature I cannot give in detail, were tied to my body. Two wired were introduced into my rectum, and affixed to my body with scotch tape. I was then dressed in a flyer’s uniform, flyer’s boots, and a safety life-saving belt. I was then dropped in the water in which ice blocks were floating. I was conscious for one hour during which I was at first given a cigarette, and some rum†¦ Shortly afterwards I lost consciousness. But I remember that at this time, my legs and arms were absolutely like frozen iron, and that cold sweat came down from my forehead.[footnoteRef:28] [28: ] Rascher would then use different methods to try and warm up the prisoners, at first by drugs, massages, and electric blankets, but mainly by sandwiching the unconscious men between two nude women, often forcing the women to copulate with his body.[footnoteRef:29] Rascher and other Nazi doctors conducted many more experiments for the wartime effort, and some out of mere curiosity, such as investigating the immunization of malaria, typhus, and hepatitis, experimenting on twins to show their genetic make-up, and testing blood coagulation, abusing more than twenty thousand prisoners in all.[footnoteRef:30] [29: ] [30: ] There may never be a â€Å"right† answer as to whether the data obtained by Nazi doctors should be used or not, but there are countless arguments both for and against the data’s use. The first major argument for using the Nazi’s research is largely based on utility; if the data exists, and it could help people to understand their disease or to carry out activities more safely, perhaps scientists should use it to better the lives of humankind. Dr. John Hayward, a hypothermia expect at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, stated, I dont want to have to use this data, but there is no other and will be no other in an ethical world.†[footnoteRef:31] In addition, Dr. Robert Pozos, founder of the University of Minnesotas Hypothermia Laboratory, spent several years in the early 1980s doing hypothermia tests on volunteers, utilizing Nazi data because he never allowed their body temperature to go below 95 degrees fahrenheit (the temperature at which hypoth ermia begins to occur). Contrarily, Rascher’s victims reached temperatures below 80 degrees fahrenheit.[footnoteRef:32] These results cannot and will not be reproduced, but they can be used to benefit the medical world today. As stated by a survivor of Mengele’s experiments: [31: ] [32: ] It appears that, at least in some cases, there was an attempt to induce illness by injecting bacteria and then an attempt to cure these illnesses, that is to say, we served as laboratory animals in the hands of the criminal, Mengele, and this type of research should of course be made available to the world.[footnoteRef:33] [33: ] People also argue that not using the data may suggest that the victims died for no reason and their suffering meant nothing. Velve Greene, a Jewish professor of medicine, said that the data obtained by Nazi doctors should be â€Å"exhumed, printed, and disseminated to every medical school in the world† and taught to the students â€Å"not during a special course in ethics or history,† but as a part of the core medical curriculum. Greene believes that the students and the doctors and the residents know that â€Å"this was not ancient history or an episode from a horror movie where the actors get up after filming and prepare for another role. It was real. It happened yesterday.† She stresses that â€Å"[the Nazis] tried to burn the bodies and to suppress the data. We must not finish the job for them.†[footnoteRef:34] Many maintain that publishing the data would not only serve as evidence that these monstrosities occured but would also help to prevent them from ever happening again. Dr. Howard M. Spiro, the founding section chief of gastroenterology in the Department of Internal Medicine at Yale, claimed that â€Å"the best argument Ive heard for preserving the Nazi data is to keep evidence that those experiments were carried out. As long as the data are available, evidence that at least some people did some bad things in Nazi Germany cannot be denied.†[footnoteRef:35] By using the data, some feel that we are paying a justice to the victims. This is best stated by Lucien Ballin, member of a military intelligence assault force that helped unearth Nazi medical-experiments data. She said that the suffering is done. Let someone benefit from all the pain.[footnoteRef:36] [34: ] [35: ] [36: ] Many researchers believe that there is no reason not to use the data, since the data itself did not do the experimentation, it was merely the product. Along these same lines, some scientists believe that it may be more unethical to not use the data that could save someones life.[footnoteRef:37] Bioethicist Dr. Benjamin Freedman believed it serves no purpose to science to ignore what could potentially help people. â€Å"We are talking of the use of the data, not participation in these heinous studies, not replication of atrocities, he said. The wrongs perpetrated were monstrous; those wrongs are over and done. How could the provenance of the data serve to prohibit their use?[footnoteRef:38] [37: ] [38: ] Questions regarding the Nazi medical experimental datas validity, and the ethics in regard to using the data, present a very large problem. Many researchers consider the data to be ruined due to the way it was obtained. They believe that the data was not properly recorded, that the Nazis didn’t carry out the tests in a sufficient way to use the data, and in order for an experiment to be done correctly, it has to be able to be repeated.[footnoteRef:39] The terrible experiments by the Nazis would be near impossible to replicate, especially considering the state the patients were in.[footnoteRef:40] Dr. Robert Berger of Harvard Medical School criticized the validity of the hypothermia experiments done at Dachau, stating that the â€Å"study has all the ingredients of a scientific fraud, and rejection of the data on purely scientific grounds is inevitable. They cannot advance science or save human lives.†[footnoteRef:41] He calls attention to Rascher’s lack of regard for important variables such as age, nutrition levels, and the numbers of subjects who underwent immersion while naked, clothed, conscious, or anesthetized. Rascher also failed to state the endpoints of the experiment: â€Å"time spent in the bath, specific body temperature, subjects clinical condition, death, and the like.†[footnoteRef:42] Though this scrutiny is not limited to the hypothermia tests. Researchers also question many chemical tests, claiming that the Nazis changed the data to make it more appealing, did not correctly check the height and weight of the victims, and did not have clear ways to measure their results.[footnoteRef:43] [39: ] [40: ] [41: ] [42: ] [43: ] The best argument to be held about the validity of the experiments is that the victims did not accurately portray the population.[footnoteRef:44] All of the victims came from certain racial or social groups, they were almost always malnourished and usually sick.[footnoteRef:45] Undoubtedly, not all racial and social groups are the same, so the results obtained from the tests conducted cannot be expected to apply to everyone. In addition, malnourished or sick people do not have the same capabilities as a healthy person and thus cannot endure diseases and temperature changes in the way that a healthy person can. All of this makes it extremely difficult to take the Nazi data seriously. The data might be utterly worthless to the normal population. [44: ] [45: ] Perhaps the most difficult question to answer is surrounding the ethics of using the data. The methods of the Nazi doctors were inarguably barbarous, involving the torture and death of human beings. There is a talmudic agade: Tov she-barofim le-gehinom—â€Å"the best doctors are destined for hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€that many apply to the Nazi doctors.[footnoteRef:46] Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and Nobel Laureate, wrote: [46: ] â€Å"Who or what is to blame for the creation of the assassins in white coats? it was the sense of reality that was missing. In their eyes, the victims did not belong to humankind; they were abstractions. The Nazi doctors were able to manipulate their bodies, play with their brains, mutilate their future without remorse; they tortured them in a thousand ways before putting an end to their lives.†[footnoteRef:47] [47: ] The data obtained from these experiments should be reason enough to know that the methods and data are unethical and corrupt. For example, Dr. Hans Eppinger, Jr. conducted tests on the potability of sea water on 90 Gypsy prisoners: The subjects were given unaltered sea water and sea water whose taste was camouflaged as their sole source of fluid. Eppingers infamous Berka method was devised to test whether such liquids given as the only supply of fluid could cause severe physical disturbance or death within six to twelve days. The Gypsies became so profoundly dehydrated that they were seen licking the floors after they were mopped just to get a drop of water.[footnoteRef:48] [48: ] In addition, using this data would be setting a pattern for other unethical studies. Many fear that by using this data, science is being made more important than human life. Eva Mozes Kor, a survivor of Dr. Josef Mengeles twins experiments at Auschwitz, said that: To declare the use of the Nazi data ethical, as some of the American scientists and doctors advocate, would open a Pandoras box and could become an excuse for any of the Ayatollahs, Kadafis, Stroessners, and Mengeles of the world to create similar circumstances whereby anyone could be used as their guinea pig.[footnoteRef:49] [49: ] By doing this, others would be more inclined to do unethical experiments as well, and would be given the impression that these inhumane experiments can in fact be useful.[footnoteRef:50] [50: ] The Hippocratic Oath is among the most important parts of the medical profession. As a part of this oath, doctors must swear to â€Å"use treatment to help the sick according to [the doctor’s] ability and judgement, but never with a view of injury or wrongdoing.†[footnoteRef:51] Hence, these Nazi doctors violated their vow to the medical profession. Therefore the data, like the experiments, should be left in the past. The data was not found in an ethical manner, it is not necessarily valid, and the tests are for the most part outdated. Kor summarizes the argument in one statement: [51: ] Today some doctors want to use the only things left by these victims. They are like vultures waiting for the corpses to cool so they could devour every consumable part. To use the Nazi data is obscene and sick. One can always rationalize that it would save human lives; the question should be asked, at what cost?[footnoteRef:52] [52:]

British Airways Case Study - 1409 Words

Introduction In this individual assignment, a video presentation and reading material, including the different ways companies innovate, re-energize a mature organization, and change corporate culture, provide the basis for analyzing British Airways’ (BA) transformation and the challenges encountered in making an organizational change. Identification of critical factors leading to their successful transformation as well as the steps, sequence, and risks taken to transform the organization and personal assessment of what could have been done differently is provided in this case study. Connection of British Airways case to re-energizing the mature organization The re-energizing the mature organization reading was relevant to the BA case†¦show more content†¦Through bureaucracy bashing, the company focused on removing work that added little value to customer satisfaction. This was accomplished through the establishment of the Putting People First (PPF) program that also resulted in employee empowerment and a feeling of respect and belief they were part of the change toward success. The focus on continuous improvement included creative financing, marketing, and a movement towards privatization and globalization. Lastly, addressing organizational cultural was one of BA’s biggest challenges in their re-energizing efforts to make change. British Airways challenges to making change Prior to the marketing campaign touting BA as â€Å"The World’s Favorite Airline,† BA was often referred to as â€Å"bloody awful.† The company suffered from poor performance, inefficiencies, an older fleet, and substantial financial losses. Following passage of the Civil Aviation Act in 1971, BA assumed control of two state-run airlines, British European Airlines (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), under the name British Airways. 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Christopher Mccandless s Into The Wild - 778 Words

Normality has become an unattainable luxury due to the perpetually shift societal norms. Since normality is illusive impervious no one is normal, yet everyone is constantly manipulating themselves in an attempt to achieve ordinariness: those who abnormal, even in the slightest ways, are alienated or distanced from the conforming majority. Christopher McCandless, the main character of Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer, is among the group labeled as â€Å"different†. McCandless may seem irregular, he is far from it. Christopher McCandless, through his passion for learning, search for a life of fulfilment, and his eagerness for success, is an unrecognized normal person. Chris McCandless undeniably different in noticeable ways. His one of his†¦show more content†¦Not only that, it is acknowledged that he graduated with grades, â€Å"good enough to get into Harvard Law School†. This tremendous accomplishment is merely passed aside; however, it is a testament to McCa ndless’s ability to succeed academically and, though McCandless is strongly opposed to this, planning for the future. Chris McCandless scholastic achievements also supports the notion that he knows what he is doing when he makes a decision, however bold and daring it may be. Not only is McCandless book smart, but â€Å"street smart†. When a woman who picked up McCandless hitchhiking was asked to recall the time she spent with him, she makes an essential statement which supports the well backed theory that McCandless has the necessary knowledge to deal with potentially difficult or dangerous situation in an urban environment. She says that, â€Å"he had a book about plants with him, and he was using it to pick berries†. McCandless survived off mere berries for weeks and since he had a book with him educated him on the topic of gathering, it is effortlessly presumed that he has a passion for learning. This thirst for information is a typical human characteristic and a very normal thing to have. Another trait regularly found in common folk is search for contemptment. Much like an ordinary person, McCandless begins his journey with the mindset of achieving fulfillment. Most find happiness with material good, but Chris believes that one can not have

Management and Business for Exploration Company - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Business Context for Exploration Company. Answer: Introduction In the present business environment it is essential for any company to have proper understanding of the ways in which they are doing their business. Companies also need to understand the capabilities it has and the structure it is following. Firms also need to calculate the risk factors that are associated with their business so as to make plans for eliminating it (Van Der Aalst, La Rosa Santoro, 2016). They also need to make sure that they take decision that may help in enhancing their organisational performance. Organisations have different kinds of functions so as to achieve their business strategies. Inpex Australia is one of the largest oil and Gas Company in Australia. It deals in the business of exploration and production of Oil and Gas. This report highlights the organisational structure of the Inpex Australia as well as the internal and external environment surrounding their business. It also illustrates about the risk that is faced by the Inpex and the steps that are taken by them to improve their performance. Organisational structure of Inpex A company must have an organisational structure that can support the business it is dong (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Woods, Simon McBarron, 2014). It must support its mission and Vision. Inpex is an organisation that is having vision to become a global leader in international oil and gas Exploration Company by the means of sustainable growth. More than 2000 workers are employed under the project named Ichthyns LNG in the Australian location. There are leaders at the top most of the company and the lower levels there are various departments that help them in managing their work efficiently. Leaders consist of Board of directors below which there is an executive committee. Each department has managers that checks and assign the duties to lower level of the employees as per their skills. Apart from this there are many other departments present in the company having different kinds of roles like maintaining CSR, compliances committee, information security committee etc. These depart ments have the role of watching every other department under them or parallel to them. External and internal forces that impacts their business There are several internal and external forces that are impacting the business of Inpex Australia. It is crucial for the company to understand their impact on their business so as to take steps for avoiding it (Griffin Pustay, 2012). Some of the external forces that may impact their business are as follows: Political: There are many political ties that are breaking and coming up in many parts of the world. This has affected the business of Inpex and the oil prices and the tax rates are always dependent in the political relations between the two nations. The policies regarding the extraction and production of oil and gases have changed in Australia which is directly or indirectly affecting the business of the firms. Economic: In various parts of the world economic instabilities can be noticed. This also had the effect on the Australian economy (Maylor, Blackmon Huemann, 2016). This has forced the companies to make sure that they have proper economic policies to ensure higher profits. The slowdown in the American market and the poor performance of European economy has resulted in many kinds of loses for the company. Social: Society is changing and so is their demand. This change in the demands has forced companies to change their operational mechanism. Requirement of the oil and gas have increased. This has provided an excellent chance for the cited companys growth. Technological: Many new kinds of technologies are coming up in the oil and gas extraction. This is forcing the oil and gas firms to make advancements in technologies at regular intervals of time. It will help the firm in staying ahead of their competitors. Environmental: Various governments all around the world have forced the companies to embed an operational mechanism that favours the environment. New environmental policies all around the world have forced the leaders of Inpex Australia to think about the sustainable production of oil and gases. Competition: The competition in the industry has risen to alarming level and hence it has become difficult for the companies like Inpex Australia to attain higher growth rates. Many new firms have come up in the field of renewable energy which is an alternative of the non-renewable energy sources (Marschan-Piekkari Welch, 2011). Inpex Australia also needs to invest heavily on the technologies related to the renewable resources. Internal forces Increasing demands of employees: The demands of the employees especially who are working at the off-shore sites have increased considerably (Singh, 2012). As employee satisfaction is important for Inpex Australia hence companies have to fulfil these. In the increasing price war this is becoming burden on the financial assets of the firm. Resources: Maintaining the quality of resources they have in a major challenge especially in terms of human capital they have. Inpex Australia has to invest a lot on the training program so as to maintain the quality of operations. Diversity management: Inpex Australia has employees from various parts of the world. Managing such diversity at the workplace is a challenge for the company. It is essential for the firm to make sure that they have excellent policies that help them in managing such a diverse workforce or otherwise it may result in poor performance for the employees (Bryman Bell, 2014). Risks that is confronting the business There are several kinds of risks that are confronting the business of the firms (Chalmeta Palomero, 2011). It is essential that company understand these risks and takes actions to remove these. Increasing inflation: Inflation rates have increased in many parts of the world (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). This has forced Inpex Australia to sell their products at higher prices. In the increasing competition this is a major challenge for the company. Limited amount of natural resources: The amount of natural resources is limited and hence these are getting depleted at very faster rate. In such situation company needs to have a sustainable business plan for the utilisation of resources. Shift towards the renewable resources: Companies are advancing towards the use of renewable resources. This has increased the risk for Inpex Australia as they have to think about moving towards renewable resources which can be very costly for the firm. Business practice decisions that enhance organisational performance There are many types of decisions that are made by the management of Inpex so as to enhance the performance of the organisation. This has also forced the companies to make sure that they enhance their organisational performance. Training: They have used many kinds of training sessions for their employees. This helps them in increasing the skills and capabilities of their employees (Wheelen Hunger, 2011). It also helps the company in increasing efficiency and performance of their employees. Operational management: The operational management of the company has been very useful. They have been using the strategies like lean production etc. to enhance the efficiency of the workplace which directly affects the operational management of Inpex Australia. Quality: They have been using quality management tools like Six sigma and TQM for maintaining quality of their products and services. This helps them in competing with other rivals in terms of quality they delivers. Cross cultural development program: They are using this program for managing diversity at the workplace. This program was highly beneficial for managing the diversity at the workplace. Functions within Inpex that will help them in achieving its strategy There are various functions within the organisation which will help in achieving their set strategies. Some these functions are as follows: Human resource management: This function within the organisation has a very important role in managing the diversity which is essential for the growth of the firm. HRM helps in increasing the productivity of the employees (David, 2011). Marketing: It is an essential function within an organisation that has many kinds of role. The most important role of marketing unit is to promote the brand name of the company. It helps in enhancing the sale of the companys products which is necessary for their long term growth (Inpex Corporation, 2018). Research and development: This function within Inpex Australia has the role of making research which was necessary for the growth of the company. This helps in making sure that company keeps itself ahead of other competitors in the market. It is necessary for bringing innovation at the workplace. It will also play very crucial role in shifting towards renewable energy resources. Information and communication technology: This department has the role of managing all the communication mediums as well as the other technologies related to IT. This helps them in bringing efficiency in the work process. Finance: This department plays a very vital role in achieving strategies of the company. Since implementation of any strategy totally depends on their financial constraints. Hence this department has the role of managing financial assets which is necessary for achieving their strategy. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that Inpex Australia has a much managed organisational structure that helps them in conducting all their operations smoothly. There are many internal and external forces that are surrounding the business of Inpex Australia. This has forced the company to make plans that could help in changing these factors in the favour of the company. Apart from this there are several risk confronting the business of the firm. Inpex Australia is taking many kinds of decisions that may help in enhancing their performance. Apart from this there are many functions within an organisation that may help in achieving the strategy. References Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2014).Research methodology: Business and management contexts. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Chalmeta, R., Palomero, S. (2011). Methodological proposal for business sustainability management by means of the Balanced Scorecard.Journal of the operational research society,62(7), 1344-1356. David, F. R. (2011).Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Griffin, R. W., Pustay, M. W. (2012).International business. Pearson Higher Ed. Inpex Corporation, (2018) About Inpex. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.inpex.co.jp/english/company/organization.html. Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, C. (Eds.). (2011).Rethinking the case study in international business and management research. Edward Elgar Publishing. Maylor, H., Blackmon, K., Huemann, M. (2016).Researching business and management. Palgrave. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, P., Simon, A., McBarron, E. (2014).Management: Foundations and Applications (2nd Asia-Pacific Edition). John Wiley Sons. Singh, P. K. (2012). Management of business processes can help an organization achieve competitive advantage.International Management Review,8(2), 19. Van Der Aalst, W. M., La Rosa, M., Santoro, F. M. (2016). Business process management. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2011).Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.